12 multiple-choice questions, progressively harder.
You invest 1,0001{,}0001,000 dollars at 5%5\%5% compounded annually for 333 years. Using 1.053=1.1576251.05^3 = 1.1576251.053=1.157625, what is the balance?
Solution
Correct answer: D
Apply A=P(1+r)tA = P(1+r)^tA=P(1+r)t with P=1000P = 1000P=1000, r=0.05r = 0.05r=0.05, and t=3t = 3t=3.
A=1000 (1.05)3=1000×1.157625=1157.63A = 1000\,(1.05)^3 = 1000 \times 1.157625 = 1157.63A=1000(1.05)3=1000×1.157625=1157.63
Rounded to the nearest cent, the balance is 1,157.631{,}157.631,157.63 dollars.
You invest 1,0001{,}0001,000 dollars at 8%8\%8% compounded quarterly for 111 year. Which is the correct setup?
Correct answer: B
Quarterly means n=4n = 4n=4, so each period pays rn=0.084\frac{r}{n} = \frac{0.08}{4}nr=40.08 and there are nt=4nt = 4nt=4 periods.
A=1000(1+0.084)4A = 1000\left(1 + \frac{0.08}{4}\right)^{4}A=1000(1+40.08)4
The rate is divided by 444 and the exponent is 444, not 111.
Evaluate that quarterly balance: 1,0001{,}0001,000 dollars at 8%8\%8% compounded quarterly for 111 year. Use 1.024=1.082432161.02^4 = 1.082432161.024=1.08243216.
Correct answer: C
Each quarter pays 0.084=0.02\frac{0.08}{4} = 0.0240.08=0.02, so multiply the principal by 1.0241.02^41.024.
A=1000 (1.02)4=1000×1.08243216=1082.43A = 1000\,(1.02)^4 = 1000 \times 1.08243216 = 1082.43A=1000(1.02)4=1000×1.08243216=1082.43
Annual compounding would give only 1,0801{,}0801,080 dollars, so quarterly earns an extra 2.432.432.43 dollars.
A sum is compounded monthly for 444 years. In A=P(1+rn)ntA = P\left(1 + \frac{r}{n}\right)^{nt}A=P(1+nr)nt, what is the exponent ntntnt?
Correct answer: A
Monthly compounding means n=12n = 12n=12 periods per year, over t=4t = 4t=4 years.
nt=12×4=48nt = 12 \times 4 = 48nt=12×4=48
The exponent is the total number of periods, 484848, not the number of years.
You invest 2,0002{,}0002,000 dollars at 6%6\%6% compounded annually for 222 years. Using 1.062=1.12361.06^2 = 1.12361.062=1.1236, what is the balance?
Multiply the principal by the two-year growth factor.
A=2000×1.1236=2247.20A = 2000 \times 1.1236 = 2247.20A=2000×1.1236=2247.20
The balance is 2,247.202{,}247.202,247.20 dollars.
Which formula gives the balance when a principal PPP is compounded continuously at rate rrr for ttt years?
Letting the number of periods grow without bound turns the compound factor into a power of eee.
A=PertA = Pe^{rt}A=Pert
The exponent is the product rtrtrt, not the sum r+tr + tr+t.
Compounded quarterly for ttt years, how many compounding periods are there in total?
Quarterly means 444 periods each year, for ttt years.
4×t=4t4 \times t = 4t4×t=4t
That total, 4t4t4t, is the exponent in the compound-interest formula.
As you compound more and more often (annually, then quarterly, then monthly, then daily), the balance after one year:
Each increase in frequency adds a little, but the additions shrink and level off at the continuous value.
A⟶PertA \longrightarrow Pe^{rt}A⟶Pert
The balance approaches the continuous ceiling and never passes it.
You invest 1,5001{,}5001,500 dollars at 6%6\%6% compounded annually for 222 years. Using 1.062=1.12361.06^2 = 1.12361.062=1.1236, what is the balance?
A=1500×1.1236=1685.40A = 1500 \times 1.1236 = 1685.40A=1500×1.1236=1685.40
The balance is 1,685.401{,}685.401,685.40 dollars.
To find the principal needed to reach a goal AAA in ttt years at annual rate rrr, you compute:
Start from A=P(1+r)tA = P(1+r)^tA=P(1+r)t and divide both sides by the growth factor.
P=A(1+r)tP = \frac{A}{(1+r)^t}P=(1+r)tA
Because the unknown is a plain factor, dividing finishes the job, no logarithm needed.
You invest 1,0001{,}0001,000 dollars at 4%4\%4% compounded quarterly for 111 year. Using 1.014=1.040604011.01^4 = 1.040604011.014=1.04060401, what is the balance?
Each quarter pays 0.044=0.01\frac{0.04}{4} = 0.0140.04=0.01 over nt=4nt = 4nt=4 periods.
A=1000 (1.01)4=1000×1.04060401=1040.60A = 1000\,(1.01)^4 = 1000 \times 1.04060401 = 1040.60A=1000(1.01)4=1000×1.04060401=1040.60
The balance is 1,040.601{,}040.601,040.60 dollars.
You invest 250250250 dollars at 8%8\%8% compounded annually for 222 years. Using 1.082=1.16641.08^2 = 1.16641.082=1.1664, what is the balance?
A=250×1.1664=291.60A = 250 \times 1.1664 = 291.60A=250×1.1664=291.60
The balance is 291.60291.60291.60 dollars.
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