12 multiple-choice questions, progressively harder.
As mmm grows without bound, the values (1+1m)m\left(1 + \frac{1}{m}\right)^{m}(1+m1)m for m=1,2,10,100,…m = 1, 2, 10, 100, \ldotsm=1,2,10,100,… get closer and closer to:
Solution
Correct answer: C
The values rise by smaller and smaller amounts and crowd toward a single number.
(1+1m)m⟶e≈2.71828\left(1 + \frac{1}{m}\right)^{m} \longrightarrow e \approx 2.71828(1+m1)m⟶e≈2.71828
That limit is the definition of eee, the base of continuous compounding.
You invest 2,0002{,}0002,000 dollars at 5%5\%5% compounded annually for 333 years. Using 1.053=1.1576251.05^3 = 1.1576251.053=1.157625, what is the balance?
Multiply the principal by the three-year growth factor.
A=2000×1.157625=2315.25A = 2000 \times 1.157625 = 2315.25A=2000×1.157625=2315.25
The balance is 2,315.252{,}315.252,315.25 dollars.
Two accounts each start with 1,0001{,}0001,000 dollars at 6%6\%6% for 111 year. Account A compounds annually, account B continuously. Which is true? Use e0.06=1.061837e^{0.06} = 1.061837e0.06=1.061837.
Correct answer: D
Account A gives 1000×1.06=10601000 \times 1.06 = 10601000×1.06=1060; account B gives 1000×1.061837=1061.841000 \times 1.061837 = 1061.841000×1.061837=1061.84.
1061.84−1060=1.841061.84 - 1060 = 1.841061.84−1060=1.84
Continuous compounding wins, but only by about 1.841.841.84 dollars over one year.
You invest 800800800 dollars at 6%6\%6% compounded continuously for 111 year. Using e0.06=1.061837e^{0.06} = 1.061837e0.06=1.061837, what is the balance?
Correct answer: A
Use A=PertA = Pe^{rt}A=Pert with rt=0.06rt = 0.06rt=0.06.
A=800 e0.06=800×1.061837=849.47A = 800\,e^{0.06} = 800 \times 1.061837 = 849.47A=800e0.06=800×1.061837=849.47
The balance is 849.47849.47849.47 dollars.
You invest 600600600 dollars at 10%10\%10% compounded semiannually for 222 years. Using 1.054=1.215506251.05^4 = 1.215506251.054=1.21550625, what is the balance?
Correct answer: B
Semiannual gives n=2n = 2n=2, each period paying 0.102=0.05\frac{0.10}{2} = 0.0520.10=0.05 over nt=4nt = 4nt=4 periods.
A=600 (1.05)4=600×1.21550625=729.30A = 600\,(1.05)^4 = 600 \times 1.21550625 = 729.30A=600(1.05)4=600×1.21550625=729.30
The balance is 729.30729.30729.30 dollars.
On 10,00010{,}00010,000 dollars at 4%4\%4% for 222 years, how much more does annual compounding earn than simple interest? Use 1.042=1.08161.04^2 = 1.08161.042=1.0816.
Compound gives 10000×1.0816=1081610000 \times 1.0816 = 1081610000×1.0816=10816; simple gives 10000(1+0.04×2)=1080010000(1 + 0.04 \times 2) = 1080010000(1+0.04×2)=10800.
10816−10800=1610816 - 10800 = 1610816−10800=16
The extra 161616 dollars is interest on the first year's interest.
On 1,0001{,}0001,000 dollars at 12%12\%12% for 111 year, compare the balances from annual, monthly, and continuous compounding. Use 1.0112=1.1268251.01^{12} = 1.1268251.0112=1.126825 and e0.12=1.127497e^{0.12} = 1.127497e0.12=1.127497.
Annual gives 112011201120, monthly gives 1000×1.126825=1126.831000 \times 1.126825 = 1126.831000×1.126825=1126.83, continuous gives 1000×1.127497=1127.501000 \times 1.127497 = 1127.501000×1.127497=1127.50.
1120<1126.83<1127.501120 < 1126.83 < 1127.501120<1126.83<1127.50
More frequent compounding earns more, so annual is smallest and continuous is largest.
You invest 1,2001{,}2001,200 dollars at 10%10\%10% compounded semiannually for 111 year. Using 1.052=1.10251.05^2 = 1.10251.052=1.1025, what is the balance?
Semiannual gives n=2n = 2n=2, each period paying 0.102=0.05\frac{0.10}{2} = 0.0520.10=0.05 over nt=2nt = 2nt=2 periods.
A=1200 (1.05)2=1200×1.1025=1323A = 1200\,(1.05)^2 = 1200 \times 1.1025 = 1323A=1200(1.05)2=1200×1.1025=1323
The balance is 1,3231{,}3231,323 dollars.
You invest 1,0001{,}0001,000 dollars at 8%8\%8% compounded continuously for 111 year. Using e0.08=1.083287e^{0.08} = 1.083287e0.08=1.083287, what is the balance?
Use A=PertA = Pe^{rt}A=Pert with rt=0.08rt = 0.08rt=0.08.
A=1000 e0.08=1000×1.083287=1083.29A = 1000\,e^{0.08} = 1000 \times 1.083287 = 1083.29A=1000e0.08=1000×1.083287=1083.29
The balance is 1,083.291{,}083.291,083.29 dollars, above the annual 1,0801{,}0801,080 and quarterly 1,082.431{,}082.431,082.43 that stay below the ceiling.
You invest 500500500 dollars at 8%8\%8% compounded quarterly for 111 year. Using 1.024=1.082432161.02^4 = 1.082432161.024=1.08243216, what is the balance?
Each quarter pays 0.084=0.02\frac{0.08}{4} = 0.0240.08=0.02 over nt=4nt = 4nt=4 periods.
A=500 (1.02)4=500×1.08243216=541.22A = 500\,(1.02)^4 = 500 \times 1.08243216 = 541.22A=500(1.02)4=500×1.08243216=541.22
The balance is 541.22541.22541.22 dollars.
Under simple interest at 5%5\%5%, a deposit grows to 1,2601{,}2601,260 dollars in 111 year. What was the principal?
One year of simple interest gives A=P(1+0.05)A = P(1 + 0.05)A=P(1+0.05), so divide the balance by 1.051.051.05.
P=12601.05=1200P = \frac{1260}{1.05} = 1200P=1.051260=1200
The principal was 1,2001{,}2001,200 dollars.
You invest 900900900 dollars at 5%5\%5% compounded annually for 222 years. Using 1.052=1.10251.05^2 = 1.10251.052=1.1025, what is the balance?
Multiply the principal by the two-year growth factor.
A=900×1.1025=992.25A = 900 \times 1.1025 = 992.25A=900×1.1025=992.25
The balance is 992.25992.25992.25 dollars.
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