12 multiple-choice questions, progressively harder.
If 2n=182^n = \dfrac{1}{8}2n=81, what is nnn?
Solution
Correct answer: B
Write 18\tfrac{1}{8}81 as a power of 222 using the negative-exponent rule.
18=123=2−3\frac{1}{8} = \frac{1}{2^3} = 2^{-3}81=231=2−3
So 2n=2−32^n = 2^{-3}2n=2−3, which gives n=−3n = -3n=−3.
If 3n=1813^n = \dfrac{1}{81}3n=811, what is nnn?
Correct answer: C
Write 181\tfrac{1}{81}811 as a power of 333, since 81=3481 = 3^481=34.
181=134=3−4\frac{1}{81} = \frac{1}{3^4} = 3^{-4}811=341=3−4
So 3n=3−43^n = 3^{-4}3n=3−4, which gives n=−4n = -4n=−4.
Simplify (2−2)−3\left(2^{-2}\right)^{-3}(2−2)−3.
Correct answer: D
Multiply the exponents; two negatives give a positive.
(2−2)−3=2(−2)(−3)=26=64\left(2^{-2}\right)^{-3} = 2^{(-2)(-3)} = 2^{6} = 64(2−2)−3=2(−2)(−3)=26=64
Evaluate (−3)−2(-3)^{-2}(−3)−2.
The base is −3-3−3, and the −2-2−2 exponent takes the reciprocal of (−3)2(-3)^2(−3)2. Square first: two negatives cancel.
(−3)−2=1(−3)2=19(-3)^{-2} = \frac{1}{(-3)^2} = \frac{1}{9}(−3)−2=(−3)21=91
The value is positive, because an even power of a negative base is positive and the reciprocal keeps the sign.
Evaluate 70−7−17^{0} - 7^{-1}70−7−1 as a fraction.
Correct answer: A
Use 70=17^0 = 170=1 and 7−1=177^{-1} = \tfrac{1}{7}7−1=71, then subtract.
1−17=77−17=671 - \frac{1}{7} = \frac{7}{7} - \frac{1}{7} = \frac{6}{7}1−71=77−71=76
Evaluate (−2)−3(-2)^{-3}(−2)−3 as a fraction.
Take the reciprocal of (−2)3(-2)^3(−2)3. An odd power keeps the base's negative sign.
(−2)−3=1(−2)3=1−8=−18(-2)^{-3} = \frac{1}{(-2)^3} = \frac{1}{-8} = -\frac{1}{8}(−2)−3=(−2)31=−81=−81
The result is negative because the base is negative and the exponent is odd, not because the exponent is negative.
Which is the largest value?
Each is a unit fraction: 13,14,12,15\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{1}{4}, \tfrac{1}{2}, \tfrac{1}{5}31,41,21,51.
12>13>14>15\frac{1}{2} > \frac{1}{3} > \frac{1}{4} > \frac{1}{5}21>31>41>51
A smaller base gives a larger reciprocal, so 2−1=122^{-1} = \tfrac{1}{2}2−1=21 is the largest.
If 10n=0.0110^{n} = 0.0110n=0.01, what is nnn?
Write 0.010.010.01 as a power of 101010.
0.01=1100=1102=10−20.01 = \frac{1}{100} = \frac{1}{10^2} = 10^{-2}0.01=1001=1021=10−2
So 10n=10−210^{n} = 10^{-2}10n=10−2, which gives n=−2n = -2n=−2.
If (12)n=16\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{n} = 16(21)n=16, what is nnn?
Write 161616 as a power of 12\tfrac{1}{2}21. Since (12)−1=2\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\right)^{-1} = 2(21)−1=2,
(12)−4=24=16\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{-4} = 2^{4} = 16(21)−4=24=16
So n=−4n = -4n=−4.
Evaluate (25)−2\left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^{-2}(52)−2.
Flip the fraction, then square it.
(25)−2=(52)2=5222=254\left(\frac{2}{5}\right)^{-2} = \left(\frac{5}{2}\right)^{2} = \frac{5^2}{2^2} = \frac{25}{4}(52)−2=(25)2=2252=425
A sample is multiplied by 12\tfrac{1}{2}21 every hour, so starting from 111 its size after hhh hours is 2−h2^{-h}2−h. What is the size after 444 hours?
Substitute h=4h = 4h=4 into 2−h2^{-h}2−h.
2−4=124=1162^{-4} = \frac{1}{2^4} = \frac{1}{16}2−4=241=161
Halving four times shrinks the size to 116\tfrac{1}{16}161, a positive fraction.
Evaluate 13−2+20\dfrac{1}{3^{-2}} + 2^{0}3−21+20.
A negative exponent in the denominator climbs to the numerator, and 20=12^0 = 120=1.
13−2=32=9,9+1=10\frac{1}{3^{-2}} = 3^{2} = 9, \qquad 9 + 1 = 103−21=32=9,9+1=10
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